（浙江工程建設管理有限公司  浙江(jiang)杭州   310000）

摘  要：隨著(zhu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)市(shi)場經濟發展，過去(qu)市(shi)場的(de)(de)競爭已轉(zhuan)化為工(gong)(gong)程質量的(de)(de)競爭。工(gong)(gong)程管(guan)理(li)是(shi)每一建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)單位都在努(nu)力做好的(de)(de)一項(xiang)重要工(gong)(gong)作。本文作者闡述了建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)概念，結合(he)實(shi)際施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)中遇到的(de)(de)問題，分析(xi)了建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)問題，提出對現場管(guan)理(li)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)創新(xin)等(deng)幾(ji)方面的(de)(de)認識及現場施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)措施(shi)(shi)，供大家參考。

關鍵詞：建筑施工；管理；問題；解決措施

中圖(tu)分類號(hao)：TU712+.2   文獻標識碼：A   文章編號(hao)：2095-2104（2013）

  建筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工管理(li)是一項復雜的綜合管理(li)工作，特別在現場(chang)(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工管理(li)出現的問題非(fei)常多，有(you)管理(li)安(an)全(quan)制度(du)不(bu)落實、管理(li)材料(liao)不(bu)足、管理(li)質量不(bu)完(wan)善等問題。這些問題會嚴重(zhong)影響施(shi)(shi)(shi)工的質量、進(jin)度(du)以及(ji)安(an)全(quan)。所以，作為一位(wei)建筑(zhu)(zhu)企(qi)業(ye)的管理(li)者(zhe)，一定(ding)要對建筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工管理(li)的重(zhong)要性(xing)進(jin)行重(zhong)視，要不(bu)斷加強對施(shi)(shi)(shi)工現場(chang)(chang)的安(an)全(quan)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工現場(chang)(chang)的材料(liao)以及(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工現場(chang)(chang)的質量的管理(li)，從而(er)保障工程的每一個環(huan)節都順利(li)的完(wan)成，使工程能夠(gou)按期完(wan)成。

1 建筑工程施工管理的概念

管(guan)(guan)理是施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理的重要(yao)組成(cheng)部分，也(ye)是整個(ge)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)理工(gong)(gong)作的基(ji)礎和(he)(he)落腳點，因此，建(jian)筑施(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理水平(ping)的高(gao)低，直接影響工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目的質(zhi)量和(he)(he)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的經濟效益(yi)。與(yu)之相應，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理也(ye)是工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目管(guan)(guan)理的關鍵部分，我們只有加強施(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理，才能保證工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量、縮短工(gong)(gong)期、降低成(cheng)本，從而(er)提(ti)高(gao)建(jian)筑企(qi)(qi)業(ye)在市場中(zhong)的競爭力。

2 建筑施工現場中的關鍵問題

建(jian)筑(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)當中最為主要(yao)的問題是(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的管(guan)理(li)(li)，建(jian)筑(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的管(guan)理(li)(li)直接影響(xiang)著建(jian)筑(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)的成敗。要(yao)想做好建(jian)筑(zhu)現(xian)場(chang)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的管(guan)理(li)(li)，應該(gai)從以下幾個方面進行(xing)管(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作：

2.1 現場施工管理安全制度不落實

建筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)之處就(jiu)是施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)意識(shi)(shi)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)是整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)重中之重。但是施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)的(de)(de)管理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)，沒有充分意識(shi)(shi)到施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)意識(shi)(shi)，未能(neng)對(dui)現場(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)引起高(gao)(gao)度重視，未能(neng)真(zhen)正認識(shi)(shi)到建筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)生產責任重大，表(biao)現在防(fang)火設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)完善，腳手(shou)架搭建不(bu)牢靠(kao)腳手(shou)架未滿鋪，立桿出現懸(xuan)空(kong)，亂搭接(jie)電(dian)線(xian)，塔(ta)吊(diao)(diao)不(bu)設(she)專用電(dian)箱，塔(ta)吊(diao)(diao)基礎不(bu)設(she)防(fang)護欄桿；不(bu)佩戴安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)帽、高(gao)(gao)空(kong)作(zuo)(zuo)業未系安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)帶(dai)、安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)網破損、安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)小(xiao)組安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)生產意識(shi)(shi)淡薄、不(bu)勤(qin)(qin)抓、不(bu)勤(qin)(qin)講(jiang)。除此之外，對(dui)國家有關(guan)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)生產和(he)建筑的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)規(gui)、規(gui)范、文件等(deng)沒有深入(ru)學(xue)習(xi)，缺乏對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)綜合管理(li)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程進度、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程成本(ben)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)能(neng)力，不(bu)能(neng)很好的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價。因此，建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)控(kong)制(zhi)就(jiu)受到了(le)管理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)素(su)質(zhi)問(wen)題的(de)(de)約束，導致施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)生產知識(shi)(shi)淡薄。

2.2 現場施工材料管理不足

在整個現(xian)場(chang)施工過程中，需(xu)要投入的生產(chan)材(cai)料(liao)種類廣、數(shu)量(liang)多，使管(guan)理人員很難對(dui)材(cai)料(liao)進(jin)行(xing)全面(mian)控(kong)制(zhi)。在材(cai)料(liao)進(jin)工地時(shi)，施工管(guan)理人員只是(shi)對(dui)產(chan)品書面(mian)檢驗及試(shi)驗測(ce)試(shi)產(chan)品質量(liang)，從而從中得到評判和控(kong)制(zhi)，對(dui)于質量(liang)有(you)問題(ti)及不符(fu)合國家規定的材(cai)料(liao)，沒有(you)做出及時(shi)的控(kong)制(zhi)。另外，材(cai)料(liao)往(wang)往(wang)隨(sui)時(shi)進(jin)場(chang)，這讓(rang)我(wo)們很難對(dui)材(cai)料(liao)進(jin)行(xing)有(you)效(xiao)、實時(shi)以及全面(mian)的控(kong)制(zhi)。

2.3 現場施工管理質量不完善

在施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程中，沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)用完善(shan)的組(zu)織(zhi)管(guan)理(li)對質(zhi)(zhi)量進行控制，沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)將質(zhi)(zhi)量管(guan)理(li)過(guo)程分(fen)割開來（例如沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)制訂科學(xue)的質(zhi)(zhi)量目標、沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)安排好(hao)項目監理(li)、沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)優化(hua)質(zhi)(zhi)量的控制網絡、沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)實施(shi)工(gong)程建設(she)工(gong)作、沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)及時反饋好(hao)各種信息(xi)等）。另外，沒(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)對工(gong)程項目的合(he)同(tong)環(huan)節(jie)、圖紙設(she)計環(huan)節(jie)、工(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量監督環(huan)節(jie)、材料選擇環(huan)節(jie)、竣(jun)工(gong)驗收環(huan)節(jie)等進行嚴格的要求和管(guan)理(li)。從而，導致現場(chang)施(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理(li)質(zhi)(zhi)量不完善(shan)。

3 加強建筑工程現場施工管理的措施

3.1 施工現場安全管理

安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)寓于生(sheng)產(chan)之中，并對(dui)生(sheng)產(chan)發(fa)揮著促進與保(bao)證(zheng)作用。因此，我們(men)應(ying)該(gai)建立安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)管理(li)機構(gou)、制(zhi)定相應(ying)的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)查計劃、認(ren)真(zhen)落實安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)檢(jian)(jian)查工作、保(bao)證(zheng)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)必(bi)要(yao)措施(shi)，加強安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)培訓工作，嚴格完善(shan)組織設(she)計工作。除此之外，項目負責人(ren)和(he)管理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)要(yao)經(jing)常對(dui)施(shi)工現(xian)場(chang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)技術措施(shi)進行監督指導(dao)；對(dui)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)崗位責任(ren)制(zhi)度(du)、現(xian)場(chang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管理(li)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)執行情況進行認(ren)真(zhen)檢(jian)(jian)查；對(dui)項目安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)做出(chu)定量評(ping)價。同時(shi)，為避免安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)隱患的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)，應(ying)嚴格檢(jian)(jian)查安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)帽、網罩(zhao)、接電、現(xian)場(chang)布置(zhi)、高空(kong)作業、防(fang)火(huo)防(fang)雷、機械(xie)設(she)備(bei)、特殊(shu)施(shi)工、特殊(shu)工種、警示標志等(deng)方面(mian)，并對(dui)此做出(chu)具體的(de)(de)規定，做好整(zheng)改與檢(jian)(jian)查。為做好針對(dui)各個(ge)部(bu)門以及每(mei)個(ge)環節的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)查和(he)整(zheng)改，項目經(jing)理(li)、管理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)應(ying)該(gai)首先(xian)到工地檢(jian)(jian)查施(shi)工安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)，做到對(dui)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)工作的(de)(de)及時(shi)檢(jian)(jian)查。另外應(ying)通(tong)過(guo)制(zhi)定具體的(de)(de)考核(he)獎(jiang)罰制(zhi)度(du)，以防(fang)止個(ge)別施(shi)工負責人(ren)只管施(shi)工不抓安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)。對(dui)檢(jian)(jian)查中發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)重大(da)事故(gu)隱患，要(yao)嚴格把關，及時(shi)糾正(zheng)獎(jiang)懲(cheng)分明，嚴懲(cheng)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)違法行為，體現(xian)出(chu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)重要(yao)性(xing)。

3.2 施工現場材料管理

建筑工(gong)程現(xian)場施(shi)工(gong)所(suo)用的(de)材料費用約占工(gong)程造價的(de)50-70%，因此在建筑工(gong)程的(de)項(xiang)目管理中，材料管理的(de)成效(xiao)直接影響到(dao)工(gong)程造價。

3.2.1 材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)充足(zu)，及時供(gong)應(ying)。因為施工(gong)的(de)需(xu)(xu)要，所(suo)有施工(gong)企業應(ying)當準(zhun)確(que)的(de)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)原材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)及時供(gong)應(ying)就(jiu)是為了配合(he)施工(gong)企業準(zhun)確(que)的(de)儲備(bei)(bei)、提供(gong)所(suo)需(xu)(xu)原材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)品(pin)牌(pai)、材(cai)(cai)質、規格(ge)。為了避免拖沓施工(gong)進度(du)，我們要精心測(ce)算出(chu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)消耗(hao)速度(du)，并通(tong)知(zhi)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)商(shang)準(zhun)備(bei)(bei)下(xia)一(yi)批材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，準(zhun)時供(gong)貨(huo)。配合(he)設計(ji)方(fang)(fang)(fang)確(que)定所(suo)需(xu)(xu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)品(pin)牌(pai)、材(cai)(cai)質、規格(ge)，精心測(ce)算所(suo)需(xu)(xu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)數量(liang)，通(tong)知(zhi)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)商(shang)供(gong)貨(huo)。同時，認(ren)真(zhen)學習和掌握建材(cai)(cai)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)法律法規及相關文件，以(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)便日后(hou)出(chu)現各種(zhong)安(an)全(quan)問題，方(fang)(fang)(fang)便管理及查驗。

3.2.2 優(you)選材(cai)(cai)料(liao)采(cai)購管理人(ren)員。隨著(zhu)(zhu)時代的(de)(de)發展，由于材(cai)(cai)料(liao)采(cai)購單(dan)種類的(de)(de)繁(fan)多(duo)，為避(bi)免材(cai)(cai)料(liao)訂購與設計不(bu)相符，使得工程進度(du)被拖延，應必須將品(pin)牌(pai)、數量、產(chan)地和(he)規格等(deng)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)標識(shi)清(qing)楚，做到(dao)材(cai)(cai)質、尺寸(cun)以及模板等(deng)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)次到(dao)位。例如，我們(men)需要招收或者(zhe)適量配(pei)備一(yi)(yi)些(xie)具(ju)有(you)一(yi)(yi)定文化水(shui)平，有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)較(jiao)高政治(zhi)覺悟，有(you)著(zhu)(zhu)良好(hao)的(de)(de)思想道德素質，同(tong)時又有(you)較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)水(shui)平與職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)能力(li)、有(you)事業(ye)(ye)心(xin)和(he)責任心(xin)的(de)(de)采(cai)購管理人(ren)員。

3.2.3 材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)檢(jian)驗，嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)把關。對(dui)于到(dao)場材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，清驗造冊登記，嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)按照施工進度憑材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)出庫(ku)單發放(fang)使(shi)用(yong)，并且需對(dui)發放(fang)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)進行追蹤(zong)，避免材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)丟(diu)失，或者浪(lang)費。所以，材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)管理部(bu)門在材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)驗收入(ru)庫(ku)時(shi)，必須向材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)供應商(shang)索要(yao)(yao)“防偽備(bei)案證明”，存檔(dang)保(bao)管，特(te)別是(shi)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)型(xing)材(cai)(cai)下料(liao)(liao)(liao)這一(yi)環節嚴(yan)格(ge)(ge)控制。對(dui)于材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的庫(ku)存量，庫(ku)管員務必及(ji)時(shi)整理盤(pan)點，并注意(yi)對(dui)各種(zhong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)分類堆放(fang)，例如(ru)易燃品、防潮品需要(yao)(yao)采(cai)取相應的材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)保(bao)護措施。

3.3 施(shi)工現場(chang)的質量管理

施工現場(chang)質量管理是(shi)建筑企業管理的重要部分，也是(shi)建筑企業管理的落腳(jiao)點。作為(wei)建筑企業的基(ji)層的基(ji)礎工作一施工現場(chang)質量管理，其首要任務(wu)是(shi)保(bao)證施工活動能夠(gou)高效率、有秩序地(di)進行現場(chang)出現的各種生產技術問題，實現預定的目標任務(wu)。

3.3.1 項(xiang)目(mu)進行中應(ying)采用圖(tu)(tu)紙會(hui)(hui)審(shen)制度，項(xiang)目(mu)工(gong)程(cheng)在開工(gong)之前，圖(tu)(tu)紙如果沒有經過會(hui)(hui)審(shen)，施工(gong)堅決(jue)不予允許；為保證圖(tu)(tu)紙上不存在漏、錯(cuo)、碰(peng)、缺以(yi)及會(hui)(hui)審(shen)等問題，各方面都要認真(zhen)負責，采用圖(tu)(tu)紙質量連(lian)帶責任制，以(yi)此使(shi)圖(tu)(tu)紙會(hui)(hui)審(shen)不流于形式。

3.3.2 嚴(yan)格(ge)按施工(gong)工(gong)藝操作(zuo)

建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)是(shi)保(bao)證建(jian)筑(zhu)質(zhi)量的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)環節(jie)之一，許多的(de)質(zhi)量通病就是(shi)在這個階段(duan)產生的(de)。在施(shi)工(gong)過程，施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝應嚴格按照規范要(yao)求(qiu)來操作，保(bao)證做到(dao)重(zhong)點(dian)工(gong)序的(de)重(zhong)點(dian)控制，以此防治質(zhi)量通病。

4 結束語

近年(nian)來(lai)，隨著社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷進(jin)步和(he)經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發展，我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城市建設得到(dao)了迅速的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，這時(shi)對建筑(zhu)施工(gong)管理(li)就提出了更高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，對建筑(zhu)施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)問題要引起高(gao)(gao)度(du)重視。一個建筑(zhu)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量、進(jin)度(du)、安全、效率(lv)都是(shi)靠建筑(zhu)施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)來(lai)控制的(de)(de)(de)(de)，所以(yi)，做好施工(gong)管理(li)是(shi)建筑(zhu)工(gong)作中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重中(zhong)(zhong)之重，有關(guan)政府和(he)先(xian)關(guan)工(gong)作人員應該要充分意識到(dao)建筑(zhu)施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要因素，從而提高(gao)(gao)施工(gong)現場的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)。